Table 2 Fungi as bio-control agents against nematodes in horticultural crops

Acremonium strictum, Trichoderma harzianum,

P. lilacinus,

P. marquandii,

Dactylaria brochopaga (NDDb-15),

Drechslerella dactyloides (NDAd-05),

Duddingtonia flagrans

Tomato

(Solanum lycopersicum)

Meloidogyne incognita,

M. paranaensis

Possessed both egg parasitic or opportunistic and toxic properties,

Use of predatory trapping and volatile organic compounds (VOCs),

Activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the root apoplast, which is involved in defense

(Sexton and Howlett 2006; Goswami et al. 2008; Singh et al. 2019; Mei et al. 2021)

Exophiala spp.,

P. chlamydosporia,

Pyrenochaeta spp.

Sugar beet

(Beta vulgaris)

Heterodera schachtii

Efficient in parasitizing the eggs of the nematode

(Haj Nuaima et al. 2021)

T. harzianum

Turnip

(Brassica rapa)

M. incognita

Enhanced resistance level and development in turnip

(Ibrahim et al. 2012)

Trichoderma viride

P. lilacinus

Turmeric

(Curcuma longa)

M. incognita

Parasitized the nematode eggs and juveniles

(Niranjana Prabhu et al. 2018)

Arthrobotrys dactyloides,

A. oligospora

Ginger

(Zingiber officinale)

M. incognita

Nematode-trapping

(Peiris et al. 2018)

P. lilacinum,

P. chlamydosporia Trichoderma spp.

Cardamom

(Elettaria cardamomum)

Meloidogyne Spp.

Reduction in root-knot formation and promoted the highest yield of cardamom

(Sathyan et al. 2021)

Verticillium chlamydosporium strains (Vc-10 and Vc-2 M)

Celery

(Apium graveolens)

M. incognita

Egg parasite

(Nyongesa 2002)

P. chlamydosporia

Potato

(Solanum tuberosum)

M. incognita, Heterodera spp., Globodera spp.

Reduction in eggs and juveniles of nematodes

(Muthulakshmi et al. 2012)

P. lilacinus

Eggplant

(Solanum melongena)

M. incognita

Parasitized the egg masses

(Mittal et al. 1995)

Trichoderma isolates (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc)

Cabbage

(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)

M. incognita

Effective in inhibition of egg hatching ability of root-knot nematode, egg parasite

(Loganathan et al. 2010; Liang et al. 2020)

T. harzianum

Pea (Pisum sativum)

M. incognita

Effective in reducing the number of galls, egg masses, and final nematode population in soil

(Brahma and Borah 2016)

P. lilacinus,

Paecilomyces spp.

Cucumber

(Cucumis sativus)

M. incognita

Highest inhibition to gall formation and production of compounds affecting motility of the second stage

(Yan et al. 2011; Nesha and Siddiqui 2017)

P. marquandii, Streptomyces costaricanus

Lettuce

(Lactuca sativa)

M. hapla,

Reduced root galling and increased lettuce head weight

(Chen et al. 2000)

P. lilacinus, Aspergillus niger, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. Pc-10 (Pc-10)

Carrot (Daucus carota)

M. javanica,

M. incognita

Maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication in carrot and improves carrot quality and yield

(Bontempo et al. 2014; Nesha and Siddiqui 2017)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF, Septoglomus deserticola,

Funneliformis mosseae), Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Pochonia halamydosporia

Pepper (Piper nigrum)

Glomus fasciculatum, Pratylenchus coffea, M. incognita

Inhibiting nematode infection, enhancing growth and fruit yield of pepper genotypes, inhibiting egg hatching of root-knot nematodes (RKN) in spice crops

(Nair et al. 2022; Saad et al. 2022; Udo et al. 2023)

P. chlamydosporia

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)

M. incognita

Suppressed the galling, egg production, and soil population

(Dhawan and Satyendra 2009)

Trichoderma viride

Gotukola

(Centella asiatica)

Meloidogyne spp.

Reduction of RKN gall formation

(Shamalie et al. 2011)

Pichia gluilliermondii Moh10, Pachytrichospora transvaalensis Y-1240,

Candida albicans Moh Y-5,

Geotichum terrestre Y 2162,

Glomus versiforme.

Grapes

(Vitis vinifera)

M. incognita

The induction of a defense response, including the up-regulation of the class III chitinase gene VCH3, significantly reduced the number of juveniles and disease under greenhouse conditions, similarly reduced populations

(Li et al. 2006; Hashem et al. 2008)

Fusarium oxysporum strain 162 (Fo162)

Melon (Cucumis melo)

M. incognita

Reduced early root penetration of parasitic nematode

(Menjivar et al. 2011)

Acaulospora longula, Claroideoglomus claroideum

Apple

(Malus pumila)

Pratylenchus penetrans

Colonization of the roots of apple seedlings by AMF species and nematode reduction in the soil of the seedlings

(Ceustermans et al. 2018; Kanfra et al. 2022)

P. lilacinus,

Hirsutella rhossiliensis,

Glomus mosseae

Cherry

(Prunus avium)

M. javanica, Meloidogyne spp.

The highest reduction percentage in nematode population achieved and significantly suppressed the number of galls and egg masses

(Abo-Korah 2017)

P. lilacinus,

Pseudomonas fluorescens

Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

R. reniformis,

M. incognita

Reduced the root population

(Rao 2008)

T. harzianum

Guava (Psidium guajava)

M. enterolobii

Reduced the number of M. enterolobii in both soil and roots

(Jindapunnapat et al. 2013)

P. chlamydosporia,

P. lilacinum,

T. harzianum,

T. viride,

Glomus intraradices,

G. mosseae,

Glomus etunicatum

Peach

(Prunus persica)

M. javanica

Suppression of root-knot nematode reproduction, exhibited effectiveness by significantly reducing the number of egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and reproductive factors

(Calvet et al. 2001; Saeed et al. 2023)

P. lilacinum (strain AUMC 10,620),

G. mosseae

Citrus

(Citrus spp.)

Tylenchulus semipenetrans,

Tylenchulus semipenetrans

Highest reduction percentage against citrus nematode, effectively reduced larval activity and egg hatching

(Sweelam et al. 2019; El-Marzoky et al. 2023)

P. marquandii,

P. lilacinus

Banana

(Musa acuminata)

Radopholus similis,

Helicotylenchus multicinctus,

As an effective biocontrol agent, the suppression of R. similis was observed in banana and promoted banana height, leaf numbers, healthy root weight, and reduced the number of nematodes

(Esnard et al. 1998; Mendoza et al. 2007)

P. chlamydosporia strains (Pcc10, Pcc60C and Pcc20)

Pistachio

(Pistacia vera)

M. javanica

All strains infected and parasitized nematode eggs on the roots of pistachio plants to varying degrees

(Ebadi et al. 2018)

F. verticilloids

Pomegranate

(Punica granatum)

M. javanica

Culture filtrate showed the highest mortality percentage of M. javanica

(El-Qurashi et al. 2019)

P. lilacinus,

P. chlamydosporia

Gerbera

(Gerbera jamesonii)

M. incognita

Significantly reduced populations of M. incognita, suppressed infection and mortality of plants

(Nagesh and Reddy 2005)

Penicillium citrinum

Rose (Rosa hybrida)

M. javanica

Significantly decreased the viable juveniles, eggs count and increased hatching inhibition, indicating that sufficient production (unknown) happened in potato dextrosebroth

(Baazeem et al. 2022)

P. lilacinum,

H. rhossiliensis

Gladiolus grandiflorus

M. incognita

P. lilacinum parasite on M. incognita eggs and H. rhossiliensis on second-stage juvenile of nematode in G. grandiflorus

(Abokora 2021)

P. chlamydosporia,

T. harzianum

Tuberose

(Polianthes tuberosa)

M. incognita

significantly decreased the incidence of root-knot nematode and increased the number of florets/spikes and spikes/plot in Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa)

(Rao et al. 2003)

A. niger F22

Watermelon

(Citrullus lanatus)

M. incognita

The culture filtrate exhibited high activity against M. incognita, resulting in significant mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2s) and inhibition of egg hatching due to production of oxalic acid

(Jang et al. 2016)

A. oligospora

Spinach (Spinacea oleracea).

M. incognita

Reduced the number of root-knot nematode