Fig. 5

Integrated pest management (IPM) in roses. This figure illustrates the holistic approach of integrated pest management (IPM) in cultivating roses, combining cultural, biological, chemical, and systematic practices for effective pest control. a Cultural practices. These include strategic choices in planting, irrigation, and overall crop management aimed at creating an environment that minimizes pest pressure. Culturally resilient rose varieties, proper spacing, and sanitation practices contribute to a robust foundation for pest management. b Biological control methods. Beneficial organisms, such as fungi and bacteria, play a crucial role in suppressing pest populations. c Chemical intervention. Carefully selected and applied pesticides are integrated into the management plan, considering their impact on non-target organisms and the environment. This strategic use of chemicals aims to control pest populations while minimizing negative consequences. d Prevention strategies. Proactive steps, such as regular scouting for pests and diseases, implementing quarantine practices, and employing resistant rose varieties, contribute to preventing potential pest outbreaks. This anticipatory approach reduces the reliance on reactive control measures. e Monitoring and evaluation. Regular assessments of pest populations, disease incidence, and the overall health of rose plants enable growers to make informed decisions. Continuous evaluation ensures the effectiveness of implemented strategies and allows for timely adjustments to optimize pest management