Fig. 4

Volcano plot representing the significantly enriched and depleted a fungal families and b fungal genera in the asymptomatic group compared to the symptomatic group. Each point on the graph represents a fungal family or genus. ASVs with a log2 fold change ≥ 2 and p ≤ 0.05 are considered significantly enriched, while ASVs with a log2 fold change ≤ −2 and p ≤ 0.05 are considered significantly depleted in the asymptomatic samples. Fungal families or genera with significantly different abundances lie above the horizontal threshold and are represented as red dots. Padj, adjusted p value. NS, not significant; FC, fold change