Fig. 4

Population structure of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from the Xinjiang and Uzbekistan regions during the 2023 crop season. a Population subdivision based on Structure output.b Spatial distribution of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici groups between Xinjiang and Uzbekistan. c Population genetic cluster group based on DAPC. d Log genotype probability of the overall population using the saddlepoint approximation method. e Spatial distribution of populations based on the Geneland program. f Map of populations using the spatial correlated model using Geneland. Note: XJ1 = East Xinjiang (EX), XJ2 = North Xinjiang (NX), XJ3 = Northwest Xinjiang (NWX), XJ4 = West Xinjiang (WX), UZ1 = Fergana Valley (FV), UZ2 = Central Uzbekistan (CU), UZ3 = Zarafshan(ZF) and UZ4 = Southern Uzbekistan (SU), and the geographical heatmap constructed through https://impactlab.org/map/ (Chen et al. 2023), based on mean temperature (June-Augst), at that time disease earlier appeared in north and northwest Xinjiang, a neighboring region of Central Asia