Fig. 1

Disease symptoms of shisham plants infected with Ceratocystis sp., and variability in disease symptoms. a Healthy shisham tree growing in natural conditions. b dieback infected tree showing thinning of leaves and crown. c shisham tree with partial dieback symptoms. d stag-headed dead tree. e excessive gummosis on tree stem. f bark splitting. g wilting throughout the crown of the tree, resembling physiological wilt or drought stress. h epicormic shoots of dieback infected tree, but eventually succumb to the infection. i one-sided wilting. j vascular discoloration (blue streaking along xylem vessels) just beneath the bark. k vascular blockage of xylem vessels (Latif et al. 2023)