Fig. 5

Identification of wheat root-zone soil biomarker fungi and bacteria under different treatments. a, c Phylogenetic dendrogram of biomarkers in the wheat root-zone groups. b, d LDA scores of biomarker fungi (b) and bacteria (d) for each combination of wheat inoculated with different strains. The phylum and genus levels are listed in order from the inside to the outside of the cladogram with various colored dots. Taxa that were significantly abundant in control, FP, HFP, and LFP plots are indicated in cyan, red, blue, and purple, respectively. Species with the significant difference that have a higher LDA score than the estimated value. The length of the histogram represents the LDA score; i.e., the degree of influence of taxa with a significant difference between different treatments. (LDA score > 3.0, Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test, P < 0.05). Control, both seeds and soil were only applicated with water; FP, only soil were applicated with Fp; HFP, seeds were inoculated with LTR-2 and DnL1-1 and soil were applicated with Fp; LFP, seeds were inoculated with LTR-2 and soil were applicated with Fp